על הרודנות

טימותי סניידר

כבר הדמוקרטיות הקדומות חזו קריסה והשתלטות
של רודנים.
כפי שמתאר המחבר בספר זה, אנחנו איננו
מחוסנים מפני איום זה, ויתר על כן, המבנה
הפוליטי של הדמוקרטיות המודרניות מתמודד עם
איומים חדשים, לא שונים בהרבה ממה שניצלוה
הרודנויות שפשו בעולם במאה העשרים. אנחנו
איננו יותר חכמים ויותר מחוסנים מן האירופים
שחזו בדמוקרטיה הנכנעת לפאשיזם, לנאציזם או
לקומוניזם.
היתרון היחיד שלנו הוא שאנחנו יכולים ללמוד מן
הניסיון שלהם.
המחבר פורש לפנינו עשרים דרכים להבחין באיומים
ולהימנע מהם.
שם: על הרודנות
מחבר/ת: טימותי סניידר
שפה: עברית
תחום: חברה ומדינה
תת תחום: חברה ומדינה
מק״ט: 011194551

קרא עוד
המחיר הקטלוגי של הפריט: 69.00

קרא פרק ראשון

				   
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         <h3>פרולוג</h3>
         
         
         
         
         <h3>היסטוריה ורודנות</h3>
         
         
         
         
         <p dir="rtl" style="text-indent:0;"><span class="regular"> </span></p>
         		
         
         
         <p dir="rtl" style="text-indent:0;"><span class="regular">
               <span class="regular">ההיסטוריה</span> <span class="regular">אינה</span> <span class="regular">חוזרת</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">ובכל</span>
               <span class="regular">זאת</span> <span class="regular">היא</span> <span class="regular">מלמדת</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">כשהאבות</span>
               <span class="regular">המייסדים</span> <span class="regular">התווכחו</span> <span class="regular">על</span> <span class="regular">החוקה</span> <span class="regular">האמריקנית</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">הם</span> <span class="regular">למדו</span> <span class="regular">מן</span>
               <span class="regular">ההיסטוריה</span> <span class="regular">שהכירו</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">מתוך</span> <span class="regular">דאגה</span>
               <span class="regular">שהרפובליקה</span> <span class="regular">הדמוקרטית</span> <span class="regular">שראו</span>
               <span class="regular">בעיני</span> <span class="regular">רוחם</span> <span class="regular">תקרוס</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">הם</span>
               <span class="regular">הגו</span> <span class="regular">בשקיעתן</span> <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">דמוקרטיות</span> <span class="regular">ורפובליקות</span>
               <span class="regular">עתיקות</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">שהתדרדרו</span> <span class="regular">והיו</span>
               <span class="regular">לאוליגרכיות</span> <span class="regular">ולאימפריות</span><span class="regular">.</span>
               <span class="regular">כפי</span> <span class="regular">שידעו</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">אריסטו</span> <span class="regular">התרה</span>
               <span class="regular">שאי־שוויון</span> <span class="regular">מוליד</span> <span class="regular">חוסר</span> <span class="regular">יציבות</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">ואילו</span> <span class="regular">אפלטון</span> <span class="regular">האמין</span>
               <span class="regular">שדמגוגים</span> <span class="regular">מנצלים</span> <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">חופש</span> <span class="regular">הדיבור</span>
               <span class="regular">כדי</span> <span class="regular">לעלות</span> <span class="regular">לשלטון</span> <span class="regular">כרודנים</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">כאשר</span> <span class="regular">הקימו</span> <span class="regular">רפובליקה</span>
               <span class="regular">דמוקרטית</span> <span class="regular">שביסודה</span> <span class="regular">החוק</span> <span class="regular">ומיסדו</span> <span class="regular">מערכת</span>
               <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">בקרות</span> <span class="regular">ואיזונים</span><span class="regular">,</span>
               <span class="regular">ביקשו</span> <span class="regular">האבות</span> <span class="regular">המייסדים</span> <span class="regular">למנוע</span>
               <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">הרוע</span> <span class="regular">שהם</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">כמו</span>
               <span class="regular">הפילוסופים</span> <span class="regular">הקדומים</span><span class="regular">,</span>
               <span class="regular">כינו</span> <span class="regularbold">רודנות</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">הם</span> <span class="regular">התכוונו</span>
               <span class="regular">לתפיסת</span> <span class="regular">השלטון</span> <span class="regular">בכוח</span> <span class="regular">בידי</span> <span class="regular">יחיד</span>
               <span class="regular">או</span> <span class="regular">קבוצה</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">או</span> <span class="regular">למצב</span>
               <span class="regular">שבו</span> <span class="regular">השליטים</span> <span class="regular">עוקפים</span> <span class="regular">את</span>
               <span class="regular">החוק</span> <span class="regular">לתועלתם</span> <span class="regular">האישית</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">חלק</span>
               <span class="regular">גדול</span> <span class="regular">מן</span> <span class="regular">הדיון</span> <span class="regular">הפוליטי</span> <span class="regular">בארצות</span>
               <span class="regular">הברית</span> <span class="regular">בשנים</span> <span class="regular">שחלפו</span> <span class="regular">מאז</span> <span class="regular">נוגע</span>
               <span class="regular">לבעיית</span> <span class="regular">הרודנות</span> <span class="regular">בתוך</span> <span class="regular">החברה</span> <span class="regular">האמריקנית</span><span class="regular">:</span> <span class="regular">דיכוי</span> <span class="regular">עבדים</span> <span class="regular">ונשים</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">לדוגמא</span><span class="regular">.</span></span></p>
         
         
         
         
         <p dir="rtl"><span class="regular">
               <span class="regular">פנייה</span> <span class="regular">להיסטוריה</span> <span class="regular">כשיש</span> <span class="regular">חשש</span>
               <span class="regular">סכנה</span> <span class="regular">לסדר</span> <span class="regular">הפוליטי</span> <span class="regular">שלנו</span>
               <span class="regular">היא</span> <span class="regular">מסורת</span> <span class="regular">מערבית</span> <span class="regular">מרכזית</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">אם</span> <span class="regular">אנחנו</span> <span class="regular">חוששים</span>
               <span class="regular">היום</span> <span class="regular">שלניסוי</span> <span class="regular">האמריקני</span> <span class="regular">נשקפת</span>
               <span class="regular">סכנת</span> <span class="regular">רודנות</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">אנחנו</span> <span class="regular">יכולים</span>
               <span class="regular">לעשות</span> <span class="regular">מה</span> <span class="regular">שעשו</span> <span class="regular">האבות</span> <span class="regular">המייסדים</span>
               <span class="regular">ולעיין</span> <span class="regular">בתולדותיהן</span> <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">דמוקרטיות</span>
               <span class="regular">ורפובליקות</span> <span class="regular">אחרות</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">למרבה</span>
               <span class="regular">השמחה</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">עומדות</span> <span class="regular">לרשותנו</span>
               <span class="regular">דוגמאות</span> <span class="regular">עדכניות</span> <span class="regular">ורלוונטיות</span> <span class="regular">יותר</span>
               <span class="regular">מאשר</span> <span class="regular">יוון</span> <span class="regular">העתיקה</span> <span class="regular">ורומא</span>
               <span class="regular">העתיקה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">למרבה</span> <span class="regular">הצער</span><span class="regular">,</span>
               <span class="regular">גם</span> <span class="regular">תולדותיהן</span> <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">דמוקרטיות</span>
               <span class="regular">מודרניות</span> <span class="regular">רצופות</span> <span class="regular">שקיעות</span> <span class="regular">ותבוסות</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">מאז</span> <span class="regular">הכריזו</span> <span class="regular">המושבות</span>
               <span class="regular">האמריקניות</span> <span class="regular">על</span> <span class="regular">עצמאותן</span> <span class="regular">מן</span>
               <span class="regular">הממלכה</span> <span class="regular">הבריטית</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">שנחשבה</span> <span class="regular">ל</span><span class="regular">"</span><span class="regular">רודנית</span><span class="regular">"</span> <span class="regular">בעיני</span> <span class="regular">המייסדים</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">ההיסטוריה</span> <span class="regular">האירופית</span>
               <span class="regular">ידעה</span> <span class="regular">שלושה</span> <span class="regular">פרקים</span> <span class="regular">עיקריים</span> <span class="regular">של</span>
               <span class="regular">דמוקרטיה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">אחרי</span> <span class="regular">מלחמת</span> <span class="regular">העולם</span>
               <span class="regular">הראשונה</span> <span class="regular">ב</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">1918</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">אחרי</span> <span class="regular">מלחמת</span>
               <span class="regular">העולם</span> <span class="regular">השנייה</span> <span class="regular">ב</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">1945</span><span class="regular">,</span>
               <span class="regular">ואחרי</span> <span class="regular">קריסת</span> <span class="regular">הקומוניזם</span> <span class="regular">ב</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">1989</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">רבות</span> <span class="regular">מן</span>
               <span class="regular">הדמוקרטיות</span> <span class="regular">שקמו</span> <span class="regular">בצמתים</span> <span class="regular">אלה</span>
               <span class="regular">נכשלו</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">בנסיבות</span> <span class="regular">שבמובנים</span>
               <span class="regular">חשובים</span> <span class="regular">מסוימים</span> <span class="regular">דומות</span> <span class="regular">לשלנו</span> <span class="regular">(</span><span class="regular">באמריקה</span><span class="regular">).</span></span></p>
         
         
         
         
         <p dir="rtl"><span class="regular">
               <span class="regular">ההיסטוריה</span> <span class="regular">יכולה</span> <span class="regular">לגשר</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">והיא</span>
               <span class="regular">מסוגלת</span> <span class="regular">להתריע</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">בסוף</span> <span class="regular">המאה</span>
               <span class="regular">התשע</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">עשרה</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">כמו</span> <span class="regular">בסוף</span>
               <span class="regular">המאה</span> <span class="regular">העשרים</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">התרחבות</span> <span class="regular">הסחר</span>
               <span class="regular">הבינלאומי</span> <span class="regular">יצרה</span> <span class="regular">ציפיות</span> <span class="regular">לק</span><span class="regular">ִ</span><span class="regular">דמה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">בראשית</span> <span class="regular">המאה</span>
               <span class="regular">העשרים</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">כמו</span> <span class="regular">בראשית</span> <span class="regular">המאה</span>
               <span class="regular">העשרים</span> <span class="regular">ואחת</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">אתגרו</span> <span class="regular">את</span>
               <span class="regular">התקוות</span> <span class="regular">האלה</span> <span class="regular">חזונות</span> <span class="regular">חדשים</span>
               <span class="regular">בדבר</span> <span class="regular">פוליטיקת</span> <span class="regular">המונים</span><span class="regular">,</span>
               <span class="regular">שבה</span> <span class="regular">מנהיג</span> <span class="regular">או</span> <span class="regular">מפלגה</span> <span class="regular">טענו</span>
               <span class="regular">שהם</span> <span class="regular">מייצגים</span> <span class="regular">ישירות</span> <span class="regular">את</span>
               <span class="regular">רצון</span> <span class="regular">העם</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">בשנות</span> <span class="regular">העשרים</span>
               <span class="regular">והשלושים</span> <span class="regular">קרסו</span> <span class="regular">דמוקרטיות</span> <span class="regular">אירופיות</span>
               <span class="regular">והיו</span> <span class="regular">למדינות</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">סמכות</span> <span class="regular">תחת</span>
               <span class="regular">שלטון</span> <span class="regular">ימני</span> <span class="regular">ופשיסטי</span><span class="regular">.</span>
               <span class="regular">ברית</span> <span class="regular">המועצות</span> <span class="regular">הקומוניסטית</span><span class="regular">,</span>
               <span class="regular">שנוסדה</span> <span class="regular">ב</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">1922</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">הרחיבה</span> <span class="regular">בשנות</span>
               <span class="regular">הארבעים</span> <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">תחומי</span> <span class="regular">המודל</span> <span class="regular">שלה</span>
               <span class="regular">לתוך</span> <span class="regular">אירופה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">ההיסטוריה</span> <span class="regular">של</span>
               <span class="regular">אירופה</span> <span class="regular">במאה</span> <span class="regular">העשרים</span> <span class="regular">מלמדת</span>
               <span class="regular">אותנו</span> <span class="regular">שחברות</span> <span class="regular">יכולות</span> <span class="regular">להישבר</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">דמוקרטיות</span> <span class="regular">יכולות</span>
               <span class="regular">ליפול</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">מוסר</span> <span class="regular">עלול</span> <span class="regular">לקרוס</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">ואנשים</span> <span class="regular">רגילים</span>
               <span class="regular">עלולים</span> <span class="regular">למצוא</span> <span class="regular">עצמם</span> <span class="regular">ניצבים</span> <span class="regular">לפני</span>
               <span class="regular">ב</span><span class="regular">ּ</span><span class="regular">ו</span><span class="regular">ֹ</span><span class="regular">רו</span><span class="regular">ֹ</span><span class="regular">ת</span> <span class="regular">מוות</span>
               <span class="regular">עם</span> <span class="regular">רובים</span> <span class="regular">בידיהם</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">יועיל</span>
               <span class="regular">לנו</span> <span class="regular">מאוד</span> <span class="regular">היום</span> <span class="regular">להבין</span> <span class="regular">מדוע</span><span class="regular">.</span></span></p>
         
         
         
         
         <p dir="rtl"><span class="regular">
               <span class="regular">הן</span> <span class="regular">הפשיזם</span> <span class="regular">והן</span> <span class="regular">הקומוניזם</span> <span class="regular">היו</span>
               <span class="regular">תגובות</span> <span class="regular">לגלובליזציה</span><span class="regular">:</span> <span class="regular">לאי־השוויון</span>
               <span class="regular">הממשי</span> <span class="regular">שהיא</span> <span class="regular">יצרה</span> <span class="regular">וגם</span> <span class="regular">למה</span>
               <span class="regular">שנתפס</span> <span class="regular">כאי</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">שוויון</span> <span class="regular">בחסותה</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">ולאי</span><span class="regular">־</span><span class="regular">היכולת</span> <span class="regular">הניכרת</span>
               <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">הדמוקרטיות</span> <span class="regular">להתמודד</span> <span class="regular">עמם</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">הפשיסטים</span> <span class="regular">שללו</span>
               <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">התבונה</span> <span class="regular">בשמו</span> <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">הרצון</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">והתכחשו</span> <span class="regular">לאמת</span>
               <span class="regular">אובייקטיבית</span> <span class="regular">למען</span> <span class="regular">מיתוסים</span> <span class="regular">מפוארים</span>
               <span class="regular">שהפיצו</span> <span class="regular">מנהיגים</span> <span class="regular">בטענה</span> <span class="regular">שהם</span> <span class="regular">מבטאים</span>
               <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">קולו</span> <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">העם</span><span class="regular">.</span>
               <span class="regular">הם</span> <span class="regular">טפלו</span> <span class="regular">על</span> <span class="regular">הגלובליזציה</span><span class="regular">,</span>
               <span class="regular">כאילו</span> <span class="regular">האתגרים</span> <span class="regular">המורכבים</span> <span class="regular">שלה</span>
               <span class="regular">אינם</span> <span class="regular">אלא</span> <span class="regular">תוצאה</span> <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">קנוניה</span>
               <span class="regular">כנגד</span> <span class="regular">האומה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">הפשיסטים</span> <span class="regular">שלטו</span>
               <span class="regular">עשור</span> <span class="regular">או</span> <span class="regular">שניים</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">והותירו</span>
               <span class="regular">מאחוריהם</span> <span class="regular">מורשת</span> <span class="regular">אינטלקטואלית</span> <span class="regular">שרירה</span>
               <span class="regular">וקיימת</span> <span class="regular">שנעשית</span> <span class="regular">רלוונטית</span> <span class="regular">יותר</span>
               <span class="regular">מיום</span> <span class="regular">ליום</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">הקומוניסטים</span> <span class="regular">שלטו</span>
               <span class="regular">זמן</span> <span class="regular">רב</span> <span class="regular">יותר</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">כמעט</span>
               <span class="regular">שבעה</span> <span class="regular">עשורים</span> <span class="regular">בברית</span> <span class="regular">המועצות</span> <span class="regular">ויותר</span>
               <span class="regular">מארבעה</span> <span class="regular">עשורים</span> <span class="regular">במדינות</span> <span class="regular">רבות</span>
               <span class="regular">במזרח</span> <span class="regular">אירופה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">הם</span> <span class="regular">הציעו</span>
               <span class="regular">שלטון</span> <span class="regular">בידי</span> <span class="regular">צמרת</span> <span class="regular">מפלגתית</span> <span class="regular">ממושמעת</span>
               <span class="regular">המחזיקה</span> <span class="regular">במונופול</span> <span class="regular">על</span> <span class="regular">התבונה</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">שאמורה</span> <span class="regular">להנחות</span>
               <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">החברה</span> <span class="regular">אל</span> <span class="regular">עבר</span> <span class="regular">עתיד</span>
               <span class="regular">ודאי</span> <span class="regular">בהתאם</span> <span class="regular">לחוקים</span> <span class="regular">היסטוריים</span>
               <span class="regular">קבועים</span> <span class="regular">כביכול</span><span class="regular">.</span></span></p>
         
         
         
         
         <p dir="rtl"><span class="regular">
               <span class="regular">אנחנו</span> <span class="regular">(</span><span class="regular">האמריקנים</span><span class="regular">)</span> <span class="regular">עלולים</span>
               <span class="regular">להתפתות</span> <span class="regular">להאמין</span> <span class="regular">כי</span> <span class="regular">המורשת</span> <span class="regular">הדמוקרטית</span>
               <span class="regular">שלנו</span> <span class="regular">מעניקה</span> <span class="regular">לנו</span> <span class="regular">הגנה</span> <span class="regular">אוטומטית</span>
               <span class="regular">מפני</span> <span class="regular">איומים</span> <span class="regular">כאלה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">זוהי</span>
               <span class="regular">תגובה</span> <span class="regular">מוטעית</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">המסורת</span> <span class="regular">שלנו</span>
               <span class="regular">תובעת</span> <span class="regular">מא</span><span class="regular">ִ</span><span class="regular">תנו</span> <span class="regular">לבחון</span>
               <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">ההיסטוריה</span> <span class="regular">כדי</span> <span class="regular">להבין</span>
               <span class="regular">את</span> <span class="regular">המקורות</span> <span class="regular">העמוקים</span> <span class="regular">של</span>
               <span class="regular">הרודנות</span> <span class="regular">ולחשוב</span> <span class="regular">כיצד</span> <span class="regular">ראוי</span> <span class="regular">להגיב</span>
               <span class="regular">לה</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">איננו</span> <span class="regular">חכמים</span> <span class="regular">יותר</span>
               <span class="regular">מאותם</span> <span class="regular">אירופים</span> <span class="regular">שראו</span> <span class="regular">איך</span> <span class="regular">הדמוקרטיה</span>
               <span class="regular">נכנעת</span> <span class="regular">לפשיזם</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">לנאציזם</span> <span class="regular">או</span>
               <span class="regular">לקומוניזם</span> <span class="regular">במאה</span> <span class="regular">העשרים</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">היתרון</span>
               <span class="regular">היחיד</span> <span class="regular">שלנו</span> <span class="regular">הוא</span> <span class="regular">שאנחנו</span> <span class="regular">יכולים</span>
               <span class="regular">ללמוד</span> <span class="regular">מן</span> <span class="regular">הניסיון</span> <span class="regular">שלהם</span><span class="regular">.</span> <span class="regular">עכשיו</span> <span class="regular">זה</span> <span class="regular">זמן</span>
               <span class="regular">טוב</span> <span class="regular">לעשות</span> <span class="regular">זאת</span><span class="regular">.</span></span></p>
         
         
         
         
         <p dir="rtl"><span class="regular">
               <span class="regular">הספר</span> <span class="regular">הזה</span> <span class="regular">מציג</span> <span class="regular">עשרים</span> <span class="regular">לקחים</span>
               <span class="regular">מן</span> <span class="regular">המאה</span> <span class="regular">העשרים</span><span class="regular">,</span> <span class="regular">מותאמים</span>
               <span class="regular">לנסיבות</span> <span class="regular">של</span> <span class="regular">היום</span><span class="regular">.</span></span></p>
         
         
         
         
      </div>
   
			

ספר מודפס

מחיר מוצר 41.40 ₪ מחיר רגיל 62.10 ₪ מחיר מדף 0.00 ₪

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מחיר מוצר 35.00 ₪ מחיר מדף 0.00 ₪

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